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The concluding chapter is a synthesized analysis of the different lines of investigation pursued throughout the book. Strønen argues that popular support for the Bolivarian project has to be understood through examining real-life experiences, identity politics, ideologies and worldviews as conceptualized by the popular sectors. Moreover, Venezuela’s historical legacy as an oil state in its material, political and imaginative dimensions provided for an unstable grounding for the Bolivarian process, generating deep tensions, contradictions and conflicts in its midst. Strønen argues that examining oil as a social property allows us to inquire into how resource wealth is distributed and what kind of society this generates, as well as how oil, in essence, is interlocked with broader notions of modernity, development and limitless growth through extractive capitalism.