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<jats:p> The study of postoperative ear cavities in patients who underwent surgery for cholesteatoma is a difficult challenge for radiologists. In our study we make a correlation between CT and MRI findings, useful tools in patients with suspected residual or recurrent cholesteatoma. The use of different MRI sequences especially DWI can help radiologists to discriminate between cholesteatoma and other different processes. </jats:p>

<jats:p> While abnormalities of the hippocampus have been well characterized in temporal lobe epilepsy, various additional temporal lobe abnormalities have also been described. One poorly understood entity, the so-called temporal pole blurring (TPB), is one of the more frequently described neocortical abnormalities in TLE and is thought to represent dysmyelination and axonal loss due to chronic electrical perturbations in early age-onset temporal lobe epilepsy. In this study, we describe the first reported cases of TPB diagnosed by a recently described MRI sequence known as 3D Edge-Enhancing Gradient Echo (3D-EDGE), which has an effective “myelin weighting” making it exquisitely sensitive to this temporal pole dysmyelination. The value of detection of TPB lies in lateralizing seizure onset, as well as predicting a lower baseline neuropsychological performance compared to temporal lobe epilepsy without TPB. Additionally, it is critical to not mistake TPB for alternative diagnoses, such as focal cortical dysplasia or neoplasm. </jats:p>

<jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p> Several MRI findings of optic neuritis (ON) have been described and correlated with specific underlying etiologies. Specifically, optic nerve enhancement is considered an accurate biomarker of acute ON. </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective</jats:title><jats:p> To identify differences in MRI patterns of optic nerve enhancement in certain demyelinating etiologies presenting with acute ON. </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p> Retrospective analysis of enhancement patterns on fat-suppressed T1-weighted images from patients presenting clinical and radiological acute ON, treated at our institution between January 2014 and June 2022. Location and extension of enhancing optic nerve segments, as well as presence of perineural enhancement were evaluated in three predetermined demyelinating conditions. Fisher’s exact test and chi<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> were calculated. </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p> Fifty-six subjects met eligibility criteria. Mean age was 31 years (range 6–79) and 70% were females. Thirty-four (61%) patients were diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS), 8 (14%) with neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and 14 (25%) with anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein disease (MOGAD). Bilateral involvement was more frequent in MOGAD, compared to MS and NMO (43 vs 3% and 12.5% respectively, p = 0.002). MS patients showed shorter optic nerve involvement, whereas MOGAD showed more extensive lesions ( p = 0.006). Site of involvement was intraorbital in 63% MS, 89% NMO, 90% MOGAD ( p = 0.051) and canalicular in 43% MS, 33% NMO and 75% MOGAD ( p = 0.039). Intracranial or chiasmatic involvement and presence of perineural enhancement were not statistically different between entities. </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p> In the setting of acute ON, patients presenting MOGAD were more likely to show bilateral, longitudinally extended and anterior (intraorbital and canalicular) optic nerve involvement compared to patients with MS or NMO. </jats:p></jats:sec>