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<jats:title>Reconstituting the ovarian follicle</jats:title> <jats:p> Recent advances have enabled the generation of oocytes from pluripotent stem cells in vitro. However, these cells require a somatic environment to develop fully as reproductive cells. Yoshino <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> applied what is known about differentiation processes in vivo to determine a culture condition to differentiate embryonic stem cells into gonadal somatic cell–like cells (see the Perspective by Yang and Ng). When the embryonic stem cell–generated ovarian gonadal tissue was combined with early primordial germ cells or in vitro–derived primordial germ cell–like cells, germ cells developed into viable oocytes within the reconstituted follicles that could be fertilized and result in viable offspring. This system enables an alternative method for mouse gamete production and advances our understanding of mammalian reproduction and development. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , abe0237, this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" related-article-type="in-this-issue" xlink:href="10.1126/science.abe0237">eabe0237</jats:related-article> ; see also abj8347, p. <jats:related-article issue="6552" page="282" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="373">282</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Regulating germinal center contraction</jats:title> <jats:p> Germinal centers (GCs) in secondary lymphoid organs are where mature B cells expand and differentiate. Although GC formation is well studied, the control of GC duration and contraction is less well understood. Using intravital imaging of mouse GCs and single-cell RNA sequencing, Jacobsen <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> report that T follicular helper (T <jats:sub>FH</jats:sub> ) cells are a critical player in this process. They found that some late-GC T <jats:sub>FH</jats:sub> cells upregulate the transcription factor FOXP3 and acquire a regulatory T cell–like phenotype. These cells are distinct from T follicular regulatory (T <jats:sub>FR</jats:sub> ) cells and, unlike T <jats:sub>FR</jats:sub> cells, are needed to shut down the GC reaction. Tweaking this process may be key to extending GC lifetimes and enhancing antibody responses in the context of vaccination. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , abe5146, this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" related-article-type="in-this-issue" xlink:href="10.1126/science.abe5146">eabe5146</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>The benefits of being repellent</jats:title> <jats:p> The accumulation of foreign substances on a surface, whether it is dirt on a window or ice on an airplane wing, can lead to hazardous conditions. Many surfaces have been engineered to resist the accumulation of one type of fluid or matter in a particular state, but engineering broader resistivity has remained a challenge. For example, surfaces that repel water droplets may still be susceptible to fog accumulation. Dhyani <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> review the wetting performance and fouling resistance of different liquid-repellent coatings, focusing on superhydrophobic, superomniphobic, lubricant-infused, and liquid-like surfaces. Two key aspects are the performance of the surface to different foulants and the relevance of considering different length scales. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , aba5010, this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" related-article-type="in-this-issue" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aba5010">eaba5010</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Cleansing the cytosol</jats:title> <jats:p> Most human cells, not just those belonging to the immune system, mount protective responses to infection when activated by the immune cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). How IFN-γ confers this function in nonimmune cells and tissues is poorly understood. Gaudet <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> used genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to identify apolipoprotein L-3 (APOL3) as an IFN-γ–induced bactericidal protein that protects human epithelium, endothelium, and fibroblasts against infection (see the Perspective by Nathan). APOL3 directly targets bacteria in the host cell cytosol and kills them by dissolving their anionic membranes into lipoprotein complexes. This work reveals a detergent-like mechanism enlisted during human cell-autonomous immunity to combat intracellular pathogens. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , abf8113, this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" related-article-type="in-this-issue" xlink:href="10.1126/science.abf8113">eabf8113</jats:related-article> ; see also abj5637, p. <jats:related-article issue="6552" page="276" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="373">276</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Added value of PCR testing for COVID-19</jats:title> <jats:p> During the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were generally reported only as binary positive or negative outcomes. However, these test results contain a great deal more information than that. As viral load declines exponentially, the PCR cycle threshold (Ct) increases linearly. Hay <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> developed an approach for extracting epidemiological information out of the Ct values obtained from PCR tests used in surveillance for a variety of settings (see the Perspective by Lopman and McQuade). Although there are challenges to relying on single Ct values for individual-level decision-making, even a limited aggregation of data from a population can inform on the trajectory of the pandemic. Therefore, across a population, an increase in aggregated Ct values indicates that a decline in cases is occurring. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , abh0635, this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" related-article-type="in-this-issue" xlink:href="10.1126/science.abh0635">eabh0635</jats:related-article> ; see also abj4185, p. <jats:related-article issue="6552" page="280" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="373">280</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the pronounced vulnerability of the elderly and chronically ill to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–induced morbidity and mortality. Cellular senescence contributes to inflammation, multiple chronic diseases, and age-related dysfunction, but effects on responses to viral infection are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that senescent cells (SnCs) become hyper-inflammatory in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-1, increasing expression of viral entry proteins and reducing antiviral gene expression in non-SnCs through a paracrine mechanism. Old mice acutely infected with pathogens that included a SARS-CoV-2–related mouse β-coronavirus experienced increased senescence and inflammation, with nearly 100% mortality. Targeting SnCs by using senolytic drugs before or after pathogen exposure significantly reduced mortality, cellular senescence, and inflammatory markers and increased antiviral antibodies. Thus, reducing the SnC burden in diseased or aged individuals should enhance resilience and reduce mortality after viral infection, including that of SARS-CoV-2.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Last month, at the G7 Leaders' Summit in Cornwall, United Kingdom, the leading industrial nations addressed the sustainable and safe use of space, making space debris a priority and calling on other nations to follow suit. This is good news because space is becoming increasingly congested, and strong political will is needed for the international space community to start using space sustainably and preserve the orbital environment for the space activities of future generations.</jats:p>

<jats:p>A roundup of weekly science policy and related news.</jats:p>

<jats:p>AI approach is accessible to all structural biology, drug discovery researchers.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Algorithm creates words, sentences from neural activity.</jats:p>