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Recent advances in nucleic acid-based detection coupled to piezoelectric transduction will be reported here. The main aspects involved in the development of nucleic acid sensors are considered: the immobilization of the probe, the sample pretreatments (DNA extraction, amplification, denaturation of the amplified material), the sensitivity and specificity, etc.

These systems have been applied to different fields from environmental analysis to clinical diagnostics. Examples taken from different analytical problems will be reported.

Another nucleic acid sensor, also based on the affinity between the analyte and the receptor immobilized on the surface, is reported as an example of the most recent trend in the field. This receptor, called aptamer, acts as capturing receptor for a molecule in solution, such as a protein. An aptasensor developed for a specific protein will be reported.

Recent advances in nucleic acid-based detection coupled to piezoelectric transduction will be reported here. The main aspects involved in the development of nucleic acid sensors are considered: the immobilization of the probe, the sample pretreatments (DNA extraction, amplification, denaturation of the amplified material), the sensitivity and specificity, etc.

These systems have been applied to different fields from environmental analysis to clinical diagnostics. Examples taken from different analytical problems will be reported.

Another nucleic acid sensor, also based on the affinity between the analyte and the receptor immobilized on the surface, is reported as an example of the most recent trend in the field. This receptor, called aptamer, acts as capturing receptor for a molecule in solution, such as a protein. An aptasensor developed for a specific protein will be reported.

This chapter reviews the basic theory and applications of piezoelectric immunosensors. The immunosensor assay formats most often used are introduced as well as a brief explanation of the typical methods of measurement. Immobilisation is discussed, the importance of each characteristic, the basic techniques employed and a comparison of their performance as investigated by many researchers. The main historical developments of piezoelectric sensors and how these have led to early piezoelectric immunosensors are reviewed. Immunosensor applications and a comparison of sensor performance, for various analytes are summarised. The potential future of this field is also discussed.

This chapter reviews the basic theory and applications of piezoelectric immunosensors. The immunosensor assay formats most often used are introduced as well as a brief explanation of the typical methods of measurement. Immobilisation is discussed, the importance of each characteristic, the basic techniques employed and a comparison of their performance as investigated by many researchers. The main historical developments of piezoelectric sensors and how these have led to early piezoelectric immunosensors are reviewed. Immunosensor applications and a comparison of sensor performance, for various analytes are summarised. The potential future of this field is also discussed.

The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is an invaluable tool to monitor protein-membrane and membrane-membrane interactions mediated by proteins without labeling one of the components. In this chapter we show that the formation process of solid supported membranes by spreading and fusion of lipid vesicles can be readily followed by the QCM technique, and that Monte Carlo simulations allow for a detailed modeling of the process. We further demonstrate that only membranes attached to a solid support make it possible to separate the two binding modes of annexin A1 to membranes, hence allowing a quantitative analysis of the two processes. By monitoring the changes in the resonance frequency of 5-MHz quartz plates combined with Monte Carlo simulations, the kinetics of the annexin A1-membrane interaction can be followed in detail, which contributes to the biological understanding of annexin A1 function in the cell. The simultaneous readout of the change in resonance frequency and dissipation allows one to follow the binding of lipid vesicles, the second membrane binding process, to membrane-bound annexin A1, which gives information on the impact of different parameters, such as the -terminus of annexin A1 and the protein surface coverage.

The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is an invaluable tool to monitor protein–membrane and membrane–membrane interactions mediated by proteins without labeling one of the components. In this chapter we show that the formation process of solid supported membranes by spreading and fusion of lipid vesicles can be readily followed by the QCM technique, and that Monte Carlo simulations allow for a detailed modeling of the process. We further demonstrate that only membranes attached to a solid support make it possible to separate the two binding modes of annexin A1 to membranes, hence allowing a quantitative analysis of the two processes. By monitoring the changes in the resonance frequency of − 5MHz quartz plates combined with Monte Carlo simulations, the kinetics of the annexin A1–membrane interaction can be followed in detail, which contributes to the biological understanding of annexin A1 function in the cell. The simultaneous readout of the change in resonance frequency and dissipation allows one to follow the binding of lipid vesicles, the second membrane binding process, to membrane-bound annexin A1, which gives information on the impact of different parameters, such as the -terminus of annexin A1 and the protein surface coverage.

This chapter describes recent studies in which the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technology has been applied as a monitoring tool for animal cells in vitro. With shear wave resonators used as growth substrates it is possible to follow the de novo formation or the modulation of established cell-substrate contacts from readings of the resonance frequency with a time resolution in the order of seconds. From cell adhesion studies it became clear that different cell types induce an individual shift of the resonance frequency but it has been a matter of debate, which subcellular structures determine the individual impact of a given cell type on the QCM response. This question has been addressed by our group in recent years and a summary of our current understanding of this problem will be given here. Different approaches have been applied to challenge the cells in a well-defined way and to monitor the associated changes of the QCM readout. Taken together, these studies have led us to the following conclusions: (i) The cellular bodies primarily lead to an increased energy dissipation that does not correspond to a simple viscous behavior. (ii) The adhesive proteins underneath the cells provide a measurable contribution to the overall QCM response of adherent cells. (iii) The average distance between lower cell membrane and substrate surface does not have a significant impact on the acoustic load situation. (iv) The QCM is sensitive to cell stiffness and reports in a similar way on changes in cell stiffness, as accessible from scanning force microscopy measurements. (v) The cortical actin cytoskeleton is a dominant contributor to the cells’ acoustic response.

This chapter describes recent studies in which the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technology has been applied as a monitoring tool for animal cells in vitro. With shear wave resonators used as growth substrates it is possible to follow the de novo formation or the modulation of established cell–substrate contacts from readings of the resonance frequency with a time resolution in the order of seconds. From cell adhesion studies it became clear that different cell types induce an individual shift of the resonance frequency but it has been a matter of debate, which subcellular structures determine the individual impact of a given cell type on the QCM response. This question has been addressed by our group in recent years and a summary of our current understanding of this problem will be given here. Different approaches have been applied to challenge the cells in a well-defined way and to monitor the associated changes of the QCM readout. Taken together, these studies have led us to the following conclusions: (i) The cellular bodies primarily lead to an increased energy dissipation that does not correspond to a simple viscous behavior. (ii) The adhesive proteins underneath the cells provide a measurable contribution to the overall QCM response of adherent cells. (iii) The average distance between lower cell membrane and substrate surface does not have a significant impact on the acoustic load situation. (iv) The QCM is sensitive to cell stiffness and reports in a similar way on changes in cell stiffness, as accessible from scanning force microscopy measurements. (v) The cortical actin cytoskeleton is a dominant contributor to the cells' acoustic response.

A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is known as a useful tool to detect gravimetric molecular interactions. We have developed a 27-MHz QCM (Affinix Q) to detect various biomolecular interactions such as DNA-DNA hybridization, DNA-protein interactions, glycolipid-protein interactions, and protein-protein interactions. In this chapter, we show that the 27-MHz QCM is also useful to detect the kinetics of enzyme reactions, because all the steps of enzyme reactions, such as the enzyme binding process to substrates, the enzyme catalytic reaction, and the release of enzyme from the product, accompany mass changes. We introduce here kinetic analyses of enzyme reactions on DNA (DNA polymerization, DNA ligation, and DNA cleavage) and enzyme reactions on glycans (glycosylation, phosphorylation, and mutation of enzymes) by using the substrate-immobilized 27-MHz QCM in solution.

A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is known as a useful tool to detect gravimetric molecular interactions. We have developed a 27-MHz QCM (Affinix Q) to detect various biomolecular interactions such as DNA–DNA hybridization, DNA–protein interactions, glycolipid–protein interactions, and protein–protein interactions. In this chapter, we show that the 27-MHz QCM is also useful to detect the kinetics of enzyme reactions, because all the steps of enzyme reactions, such as the enzyme binding process to substrates, the enzyme catalytic reaction, and the release of enzyme from the product, accompany mass changes. We introduce here kinetic analyses of enzyme reactions on DNA (DNA polymerization, DNA ligation, and DNA cleavage) and enzyme reactions on glycans (glycosylation, phosphorylation, and mutation of enzymes) by using the substrate-immobilized 27-MHz QCM in solution.