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We present a first-order extension of the algebraic theory about processes known as ACP and its main models. Useful predicates on processes, such as deadlock freedom and determinism, can be added to this theory through first-order definitional extensions. Model theory is used to analyse the discrepancies between identity in the models of the first-order extension of ACP and bisimilarity of the transition systems extracted from these models, and also the discrepancies between deadlock freedom in the models of a suitable first-order definitional extension of this theory and deadlock freedom of the transition systems extracted from these models. First-order definitions are material to the formalization of an interpretation of one theory about processes in another. We give a comprehensive example of such an interpretation too.

Expression Reduction Systems is a formalism for higher-order rewriting, extending Term Rewriting Systems and the lambda-calculus. Here we give an overview of results in the literature concerning ERSs. We review confluence, normalization and perpetuality results for orthogonal ERSs. Some of these results are extended to orthogonal conditional ERSs. Further, ERSs with patterns are introduced and their confluence is discussed. Finally, higher-order rewriting is translated into equational first-order rewriting. The technique develops an isomorphic model of ERSs with variable names, based on de Bruijn indices.

By extending transition systems with and , Axiomatic Rewriting Theory provides a uniform framework for a variety of rewriting systems, ranging from higher-order systems to Petri nets and process calculi. Despite its generality, the theory is surprisingly simple, based on a mild extension of transition systems with independence: an axiomatic rewriting system is defined as a 1-dimensional transition graph equipped with 2-dimensional transitions describing the of the system, and their orientation. In this article, we formulate a series of elementary axioms on axiomatic rewriting systems, and establish a diagrammatic standardization theorem.