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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Breeding for resistant crops is a sustainable way to control disease and relies on the introduction of novel resistance genes. Here, we tested three strategies on how to use transgenes from wheat to achieve durable resistance against fungal pathogens in the field. First, we tested the highly effective, overexpressed single transgene <jats:italic>Pm3e</jats:italic> in the background of spring wheat cultivar Bobwhite in a long-term field trial over many years. Together with previous results, this revealed that transgenic wheat line Pm3e#2 conferred complete powdery mildew resistance during a total of nine field seasons without a negative impact on yield. Furthermore, overexpressed <jats:italic>Pm3e</jats:italic> provided resistance to powdery mildew isolates from our worldwide collection when crossed into the elite wheat cultivar Fiorina. Second, we pyramided the four overexpressed transgenes <jats:italic>Pm3a</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pm3b</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pm3d</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Pm3f</jats:italic> in the background of cultivar Bobwhite and showed that the pyramided line Pm3a,b,d,f was completely resistant to powdery mildew in five field seasons. Third, we performed field trials with three barley lines expressing adult plant resistance gene <jats:italic>Lr34</jats:italic> from wheat during three field seasons. Line GLP8 expressed <jats:italic>Lr34</jats:italic> under control of the pathogen-inducible <jats:italic>Hv-Ger4c</jats:italic> promoter and provided partial barley powdery mildew and leaf rust resistance in the field with small, negative effects on yield components which might need compensatory breeding. Overall, our study demonstrates and discusses three successful strategies for achieving fungal disease resistance of wheat and barley in the field using transgenes from wheat. These strategies might confer long-term resistance if applied in a sustainable way.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Tiller number is a key component of wheat plant architecture having a direct impact on grain yield. Because of their viability, biotic resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance, wild relative species are a valuable gene source for increasing wheat genetic diversity, including yield potential. <jats:italic>Agropyron glael</jats:italic>, a perennial hybrid of <jats:italic>Thinopyrum intermedium</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Th. ponticum</jats:italic>, was created in the 1930s. Recent genome analyses identified five evolutionarily distinct subgenomes (J, J<jats:sup>st</jats:sup>, J<jats:sup>vs</jats:sup>, J<jats:sup>r</jats:sup>, and St), making <jats:italic>A. glael</jats:italic> an important gene source for transferring useful agronomical traits into wheat. During a bread wheat × <jats:italic>A. glael</jats:italic> crossing program, a genetically stable translocation line, WT153397, was developed. Sequential <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic> hybridizations (McGISH) with J-, St-, and D-genomic DNA probes and pSc119.2, Afa family, pTa71, and (GAA)<jats:sub>7</jats:sub> DNA repeats, as well as molecular markers specific for the wheat 6D chromosome, revealed the presence of a 6DS.6J<jats:sup>vs</jats:sup> Robertsonian translocation in the genetic line. Field trials in low-input and high-input breeding nurseries over four growing seasons demonstrated the <jats:italic>Agropyron</jats:italic> chromosome arm’s high compensating ability for the missing 6DL, as spike morphology and fertility of WT153397 did not differ significantly from those of wheat parents, Mv9kr1 and ‘Mv Karizma.’ Moreover, the introgressed 6J<jats:sup>vs</jats:sup> chromosome arm significantly increased the number of productive tillers, resulting in a significantly higher grain yield potential compared to the parental wheat cultivars. The translocated chromosome could be highly purified by flow cytometric sorting due to the intense fluorescent labeling of (GAA)<jats:sub>7</jats:sub> clusters on the <jats:italic>Thinopyrum</jats:italic> chromosome arm, providing an opportunity to use chromosome genomics to identify <jats:italic>Agropyron</jats:italic> gene variant(s) responsible for the tillering capacity. The translocation line WT153397 is an important genetic stock for functional genetic studies of tiller formation and useful breeding material for increasing wheat yield potential. The study also discusses the use of the translocation line in wheat breeding.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Flowering plants exhibit a wide range of sexual reproduction systems, with the majority being hermaphroditic. However, some plants, such as <jats:italic>Actinidia arguta</jats:italic> (kiwiberry), have evolved into dioecious species with distinct female and male vines. In this study, we investigated the flower load and growth habits of female kiwiberry genotypes to identify the genetic basis of high yield with low maintenance requirements. Owing to the different selection approaches between female and male genotypes, we further extended our study to male kiwiberry genotypes. By combining both investigations, we present a novel breeding tool for dioecious crops. A population of <jats:italic>A. arguta</jats:italic> seedlings was phenotyped for flower load traits, in particular the proportion of non-floral shoots, proportion of floral shoots, and average number of flowers per floral shoot. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was used to analyse the genetic basis of these traits. We identified putative QTLs on chromosome 3 associated with flower-load traits. A pleiotropic effect of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) on chromosome 3 affecting flower load-related traits between female and male vines was observed in an <jats:italic>A. arguta</jats:italic> breeding population. Furthermore, we utilized Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP) to predict breeding values for the quantitative traits by leveraging genomic data. This approach allowed us to identify and select superior genotypes. Our findings contribute to the understanding of flowering and fruiting dynamics in <jats:italic>Actinidia</jats:italic> species, providing insights for kiwiberry breeding programs aiming to improve yield through the utilization of genomic methods and trait mapping.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Apyrase is a class of enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates/diphosphates (NTP/NDP), which widely involved in regulation of plant growth and stress responses. However, apyrase family genes in maize have not been identified, and their characteristics and functions are largely unknown. In this study, we identified 16 apyrases (named as <jats:italic>ZmAPY1-ZmAPY16</jats:italic>) in maize genome, and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, chromosomal distribution, upstream regulatory transcription factors and expression patterns. Analysis of the transcriptome database unveiled tissue-specific and abiotic stress-responsive expression of <jats:italic>ZmAPY</jats:italic> genes in maize. qPCR analysis further confirmed their responsiveness to drought, heat, and cold stresses. Association analyses indicated that variations of <jats:italic>ZmAPY5 and ZmAPY16</jats:italic> may regulate maize agronomic traits and drought responses. Our findings shed light on the molecular characteristics and evolutionary history of maize apyrase genes, highlighting their roles in various biological processes and stress responses. This study forms a basis for further exploration of apyrase functions in maize.</jats:p>