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<jats:title>Fungal Defenses</jats:title> <jats:p> One of the major driving forces of evolution is the constant arms race between plants and animals and the microbial pathogens that infect them. The fungus <jats:italic>Cladosporium fulvum</jats:italic> causes leaf mold on tomato plants. One of the ways tomato plants sense infections by <jats:italic>C. fulvum</jats:italic> is by detecting chitin, a component of fungal cell walls. In response, the fungus has evolved strategies to evade detection. <jats:bold> De Jonge <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="953" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="329" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1190859">953</jats:related-article> ) have now identified one such mechanism in <jats:italic>C. fulvum</jats:italic> , mediated by the effector protein Ecp6. Secreted Ecp6 is able to bind to chitin oligosaccharides that are released upon degradation of the fungal cell wall and sequester them so that they are not detected by tomato chitin receptors. Proteins with domain structure similar to Ecp6 are conserved throughout the fungal kingdom, which suggests that chitin sequestration may represent a general mechanism used by fungi to evade immune detection. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Line Up for Movement</jats:title> <jats:p> The nuclei of animal cells can move to specific locations and help to polarize migrating and differentiating cells. <jats:bold> Luxton <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="956" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="329" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1189072">956</jats:related-article> ; see the Perspective by <jats:bold> <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="5994" page="909" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="329" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1194562">Starr</jats:related-article> </jats:bold> ) found that linear arrays of nuclear membrane proteins assembled on, and moved with, actin cables toward the rear of the cell during nuclear movement in polarizing fibroblasts. Interfering with the components of these linear arrays prevented nuclear movement and centrosome reorientation. Thus, nuclear membrane proteins assemble into actin-dependent arrays during force transduction. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Antidepressant Action of Ketamine</jats:title> <jats:p> In contrast to the weeks or months of treatment required for standard antidepressant medication, ketamine administration produces an antidepressant response within 4 to 6 hours in depressed patients. What lies behind the rapid actions of ketamine? <jats:bold> Li <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="959" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="329" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1190287">959</jats:related-article> ; see the Perspective by <jats:bold> <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="5994" page="913" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="329" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1194313">Cryan and O'Leary</jats:related-article> </jats:bold> ) found that ketamine administration resulted in fast activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and increased levels of synaptic proteins in the rat prefrontal cortex. Ketamine rapidly increased the density and function of the dendritic spines of layer V pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex. Thus, the behavioral actions of ketamine in models of depression and antidepressant response are dependent on mTOR signaling. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Sauce for the Goose?</jats:title> <jats:p> Extra-pair copulations benefit males by increasing their potential number of offspring. However, whether they have adaptive significance for females has long been debated. <jats:bold> Pryke <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="964" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="329" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1192407">964</jats:related-article> ), provided female finches four different scenarios to test when extra-pair copulations occurred and measured the paternity of the resulting offspring. By varying the potential fathers from a supposedly adaptive, compatible male through a neutral context, to a supposedly maladaptive scenario, females biased paternity to the extra-pair male when his contribution was adaptive and away from the extra-pair male when his contribution was maladaptive. Thus, despite bias in copulation frequency in favor of the social pair, cryptic female choice may show a fertilization bias toward compatible genes. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Zebrafish Development in 3D</jats:title> <jats:p> Vertebrate development has classically been characterized qualitatively, but—by combining expertise in physics, mathematics, and biology— <jats:bold> Olivier <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="967" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="329" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1189428">967</jats:related-article> ) used label-free conformal nonlinear time-lapse microscopy and image analysis to calculate the spatiotemporal cell lineage of zebrafish embryos throughout their first 10 division cycles. The work reconstructs complete lineage trees, annotated with cell-shape measurements, and allows for visualization with interactive tools. </jats:p>

<jats:p>The show includes tracking a subsurface oil plume from the Gulf spill, a fast-acting antidepressant, a decade of open-access publication, and more..</jats:p>

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