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<jats:p>Researchers long assumed that the frankincense trade did not flourish until 1000 B.C.E. or later. But Oman is providing an unusual combination of textual evidence, remote-sensing data, and careful excavations. The data suggest that the trade sprang up far earlier.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Fortified coastal settlements suggest that the Indus Civilization, once considered an insular society, shipped goods to the east.</jats:p>

<jats:p>In 1981, archaeologist Maurizio Tosi discovered Indus material in Oman, sparking a revolution in archaeology in that country, and he continues to study connections between the Indus and Arabia.</jats:p>

<jats:p> White and colleagues (Research Articles, 2 October 2009, pp. 64–106 and <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.sciencemag.org/ardipithecus">www.sciencemag.org/ardipithecus</jats:ext-link> ) reported <jats:italic>Ardipithecus ramidus</jats:italic> as an exclusive member of the human lineage post–African ape divergence. However, their analysis of shared-derived characters provides insufficient evidence of an ancestor-descendant relationship and exclusivity to the hominid lineage. Molecular and anatomical studies rather suggest that <jats:italic>Ar. ramidus</jats:italic> predates the human/African ape divergence. </jats:p>

<jats:p> White and colleagues (Research Articles, 2 October 2009, pp. 65–67 and <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.sciencemag.org/ardipithecus">www.sciencemag.org/ardipithecus</jats:ext-link> ) characterized the paleoenvironment of <jats:italic>Ardipithecus ramidus</jats:italic> at Aramis, Ethiopia, which they described as containing habitats ranging from woodland to forest patches. In contrast, we find the environmental context of <jats:italic>Ar. ramidus</jats:italic> at Aramis to be represented by what is commonly referred to as tree- or bush-savanna, with 25% or less woody canopy cover. </jats:p>

<jats:p> We assigned <jats:italic>Ardipithecus</jats:italic> to the Hominidae based on numerous dental, cranial, and postcranial characters. Sarmiento argues that these characters are not exclusive to hominids, contending that <jats:italic>Ardipithecus</jats:italic> is too old to be cladistically hominid. His alternative phylogeny, however, is unlikely because it requires tortuous, nonparsimonious evolutionary pathways. </jats:p>

<jats:p> Cerling <jats:italic>et al</jats:italic> . contest our interpretation of the woodland habitat preference of <jats:italic>Ardipithecus ramidus</jats:italic> . However, their reconstruction of a predominantly open grassy environment with riparian woodlands is inconsistent with the totality of the fossil, geological, and geochemical evidence. In the Middle Awash, <jats:italic>Ar. ramidus</jats:italic> fossils are confined to the western portion of the sampled Pliocene landscape where the species is associated with woodland to grassy woodland habitat indicators. </jats:p>