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The primary function of the lower extremities is locomotion. Any alteration of the function of the lower extremities will result in an alteration in the ability to walk and run. The hip is the most proximal joint in the lower extremity. Alteration in the hip as a result of disease will significantly effect the biomechanics of gait and place abnormal stress on the joints above and below the hip.

This chapter discusses the anatomy, biomechanics, and pathology of the knee. The function of the knee is provided primarily by the soft tissue. Therefore, injury to these soft tissue structures has significant impact upon the stability of the knee.

An overview of orthopedics would not be complete without an understanding of the foot and ankle. This area of the body is often forgotten in the scheme of things, and yet it is one of the most common sources of complaints in any physician’s office. Painful feet are seen in emergency rooms and family practitioners’ offices. Ankle discomfort is seen in medical clinics and on the sidelines of recreational sporting activities. This chapter is intended familiarize the student of medicine, whether an actual medical student, resident, or practitioner, with the anatomy, diagnostic tools, and some common conditions that affect the foot and ankle.