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Implantable prosthesis and medical devices are subjected to several interacting forces whenever they come in contact with the physiologic systems (blood, immune, musculoskeletal, nervous, digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary) and organs of the human body.

Patients today are seeking for better health care, while healthcare providers and insurance companies are calling for cost-effective diagnosis and treatments. The biomedical industry thus faces the challenge of developing devices and materials that offer benefits to both patients and healthcare industry.

Bone is a complex mineralized living tissue, exhibiting the property of marked rigidity and strength whilst maintaining some degree of elasticity. In general, there are two types of bones in the skeleton, namely, the flat bones, i.e., skull bones, scapula, mandible, ilium, and the long bones, i.e., tibia, femur and humerus. In principle, bone serves the following three main functions in human bodies: (i) acts as a mechanical support; (ii) is the site of muscle attachment for locomotion, protective, for vital organs and bone marrow; and (iii) to assist metabolism, it acts as a reserve of ions for the entire organism, especially calcium and phosphate.

The structure of cancellous bone (i.e. bone with a relative density less than 0.7) is made up of an elaborate sandwich of compact dense bone on the outer shell and a core of porous, cellular material. This configuration minimizes the weight of the bone over a fairly large load-bearing area. As patients become older, weight loss can result in fractures that can be alleviated by using implants at an earlier age.

Titanium is a transition metal. It occurs in several minerals including rutile and ilmenite, which are well dispersed over the Earth’s crust. Even though titanium is as strong as some steels, its density is only half of that of steel. Titanium is broadly used in a number of fields, including aerospace, power generation, automotive, chemical and petrochemical, sporting goods, dental and medical industries, [1–3].