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Accumulated mutational studies indicate that many diazotrophs have multiple pathways that mediate electron flow to nitrogenase (Figure 5). These pathways include multiple electron-transfer proteins (Fds and Flds) and multiple oxidoreductases (PFOR, FNR, the Rnf complex and other enzymes to be identified). Such redundancy, like the redundancy of Mo-nitrogenase and the alternative nitrogenase systems, might reflect the importance of N fixation for survival of bacteria. Another explanation is that, by possessing subsystems (or subengines), diazotrophs either maximize or fine-tune their capacity for N fixation to cope with various conditions.

Microsoft Office is one of the world’s most used information-worker applications. This level of exposure and recognition has made these tools an enticing area for customization as developers wish to extend a tool that users are already comfortable with. Developing with Microsoft Office has traditionally meant developing in a COM-based world. This began to change with Office 2003 when Microsoft shipped primary interop assemblies (PIAs) as part of the advanced installation. These PIAs opened Office to the .NET developer community and their managed code projects. A primary interop assembly enabled a Visual Studio developer to write code against the Office applications by adding a reference in the project. This assembly took on the responsibility of translating between the COM and managed code environments. Even with the PIAs, this development was not for the faint of heart. .NET developers often struggled. Their code had to deal with the way Office maintained object lifetimes and they had to contend with lots of COM plumbing. In addition, the managed code solution was limited to running outside the process of the Office application. What was missing was a layer between the PIAs and the developer’s custom application. Microsoft Visual Studio Tools for Office (VSTO) fills that gap. Visual Studio Tools for Office extends the Visual Studio environment to support the development of managed code solutions for Microsoft Office. With VSTO, the developer can create solutions that leverage Microsoft Office applications, including the construction of add-ins, custom task panes, ribbon customizations, and smart documents.