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Measurements are indispensable for various kinds of feedback in tunnelling: : Computational predictions of the behaviour of the ground during tunnelling have to be continuously verified by measurements (this is the central idea of Peck’s observational method). If the deviations between predicted and measured values are too large, then computations should be repeated with revised input parameters.

Numerical analysis (also called numerical simulation) aims at predictions of the behaviour of the support (lining, rockbolts etc.) and the deformations of the ground and buildings. By means of such predictions it is tried to assess the safety and to optimise the construction. With a posteriori ‘predictions’ (so-called class B predictions) it is tried to improve the understanding, to adjust the involved parameters and to analyse failures.