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The ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles (c. 495-c. 435 b.c.e.) postulated that all known substances are composed of four basic elements: air, earth, .re, and water. Leucippus (.fth century b.c.e.) thought that these four were indecomposable. And Aristotle (384-322 b.c.e.) introduced four properties that characterize, in various combinations, these four elements: for example, .re possessed dryness and heat.

China, as a whole, also benefited from Kodak’s operations. Aside from the tangible rewards of jobs and tax revenues, Kodak has helped China streamline its market into the global economy by encouraging entrepreneurship and introducing Western-style work processes, procedures and conditions. The company has also participated in the “creative destruction” of the economy, which increases the efficiency and productivity of its resources. The mutual interdependence of Kodak and China is likely to foster a deeper and closer relationship between the two entities for years to come.

China, as a whole, also benefited from Kodak’s operations. Aside from the tangible rewards of jobs and tax revenues, Kodak has helped China streamline its market into the global economy by encouraging entrepreneurship and introducing Western-style work processes, procedures and conditions. The company has also participated in the “creative destruction” of the economy, which increases the efficiency and productivity of its resources. The mutual interdependence of Kodak and China is likely to foster a deeper and closer relationship between the two entities for years to come.

China, as a whole, also benefited from Kodak’s operations. Aside from the tangible rewards of jobs and tax revenues, Kodak has helped China streamline its market into the global economy by encouraging entrepreneurship and introducing Western-style work processes, procedures and conditions. The company has also participated in the “creative destruction” of the economy, which increases the efficiency and productivity of its resources. The mutual interdependence of Kodak and China is likely to foster a deeper and closer relationship between the two entities for years to come.

China, as a whole, also benefited from Kodak’s operations. Aside from the tangible rewards of jobs and tax revenues, Kodak has helped China streamline its market into the global economy by encouraging entrepreneurship and introducing Western-style work processes, procedures and conditions. The company has also participated in the “creative destruction” of the economy, which increases the efficiency and productivity of its resources. The mutual interdependence of Kodak and China is likely to foster a deeper and closer relationship between the two entities for years to come.

This article has suggested a macro environmental model of international franchising which divides the host country factors into economic, demographic, distance and political dimensions. By specifying the macro environmental variables that are responsible for choosing a host country for a franchise concept, this article can help international franchising researchers build empirical models. Furthermore, the resulting model can help franchisors evaluate and rate international locations and can produce cumulative scores that can be used as references for comparing and contrasting competing environments.

The scores achieved by this model can suggest an entry strategy into the host country. Host countries with relatively unfavorable environments can be entered via low risk low involvement methods, such as master franchising. The master franchisor has responsibilities to sell the franchises in the host country, identify and qualify potential franchisees, collect franchise and royalty fees, train the franchisees, and provide supplies and support services (Justis and Judd, 1986). The entrance of many US franchisors into unfavorable or even hostile environments was often through low cost and low involvement strategies. The increased involvement of US franchisors in diverse economic, cultural and political environments has influenced their entry strategies. Consequently, most of the international franchising expansion to these countries was associated with master franchising (Arthur Andersen, 1996).

China, as a whole, also benefited from Kodak’s operations. Aside from the tangible rewards of jobs and tax revenues, Kodak has helped China streamline its market into the global economy by encouraging entrepreneurship and introducing Western-style work processes, procedures and conditions. The company has also participated in the “creative destruction” of the economy, which increases the efficiency and productivity of its resources. The mutual interdependence of Kodak and China is likely to foster a deeper and closer relationship between the two entities for years to come.

China, as a whole, also benefited from Kodak’s operations. Aside from the tangible rewards of jobs and tax revenues, Kodak has helped China streamline its market into the global economy by encouraging entrepreneurship and introducing Western-style work processes, procedures and conditions. The company has also participated in the “creative destruction” of the economy, which increases the efficiency and productivity of its resources. The mutual interdependence of Kodak and China is likely to foster a deeper and closer relationship between the two entities for years to come.

China, as a whole, also benefited from Kodak’s operations. Aside from the tangible rewards of jobs and tax revenues, Kodak has helped China streamline its market into the global economy by encouraging entrepreneurship and introducing Western-style work processes, procedures and conditions. The company has also participated in the “creative destruction” of the economy, which increases the efficiency and productivity of its resources. The mutual interdependence of Kodak and China is likely to foster a deeper and closer relationship between the two entities for years to come.

The Philippine market offers an innately large consumer base that is attractive for franchise operators. Its strategic location makes the country an appealing option as a franchise hub to launch a future Asia-Pacific expansion. Additional favorable factors include: Wide use of the English language, Cultural affinity with American values, low labor cost, large pool of skilled labor and management talent, and moderately well-placed infrastructure. The competitive climate that exist in the more urbanized locations in the country forces new entrants to creatively innovate and adapt quickly to the environment in order to succeed.

Challenges associated with the lingering political instability, weak currency, corruption, and peace-and-order problems in the Philippines are serious issues international franchisors need to face head on. There is no clear indication as to when these challenges will be mended. However, for the more valiant and aggressive franchisors willing to face the current risks in hope of long-term gains, and who are prepared to introduce flexible contractual arrangements, the Philippine market appears to be a unique investment haven.