Catálogo de publicaciones - libros

The International Consortium on Landslides proposed the ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025 for global promotion of understanding and reducing landslide disaster risk at the session “Underlying risk factors” of the Third United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR) in the morning of 16 March 2015, in Sendai, Japan. The proposal was accepted and signed by 16 United Nations, international and national organizations in the afternoon of the same day in a Japanese restaurant “Junsei”, Sendai, Japan. This article describes the background and content of the Partnerships including example of major landslide disaster in the world with the full text of the partnerships and the list of signatory organizations.

Rupestrian settlements were among the first man-made works in the history of humanity. The most relevant masterpieces of such human history have been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. These sites and their associated remains are not always in equilibrium with the environment. They are continuously impacted and weathered by a variety of internal and external factors, both natural and human-induced, with rapid and/or slow onset. These include major sudden natural hazards, such as earthquakes or extreme meteorological events, but also slow cumulative processes such as the erosion of rocks, compounded by the effects of climate change, as well as the role of humans, especially in conflict situations. Many rupestrian sites have been carved into soft rock, generally with UCS < 25 MPa (ISRM in Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abs 18:85–110, ), in vertical cliffs, and show major conservation issues in the domain of rock slope stability and rock weathering. This paper reports the experience of rock fall mitigation in rupestrian sites, mainly from the UNESCO World Heritage List (Bamiyan in Afghanistan; Lalibela in Ethiopia; Petra in Jordan, Vardzia in Georgia and others). The general approach, implemented in the activities, includes a very detailed interdisciplinary study, with the objective to understand degradation processes and causative factors, followed, as a subsequent step, by proper field conservation work. The latter is mainly related to re-discovering and potential application of traditional knowledge and sustainable practices, and is primarily based on local conservation techniques.

Subaerial landslide-generated waves (SALGWs) are among destructive hazards which have been not often studied in comparison with earthquake-generated tsunamis and submarine landslide-generated waves. This paper represents a brief review of the physical and numerical studies on SALGWs. Samples of the laboratory experiments are provided and it is highlighted that all the available data should be combined and studied collectively to overcome the discrepancies and improve our understandings of SALGWs. Commonly applied numerical approaches to simulate SALGWs are discussed. A Boussinesq-type model (LS3D) considering landslide as a rigid body, and a two-layer shallow-water type model (2LCMFlow) considering landslide as a layer of a Coulomb mixture are utilized to investigate the effects of landslide deformations on the characteristics of the landslide-generated waves (LGWs) based on a set of available experimental data. With a rigid landslide assumption, the maximum height of LGW is about 16% overstimated. Dense material deformes into a thick front—thin tail profile and induce a LGW consists of a larger wave crest than the wave trough while loose material shows a dam-break type behaviour with a LGW having a larger wave trough. A real case of SALGW is simulated by both models. The maximum LGW height predicted by the 2LCMFlow model which is closer to the physics is about 14% less than the equivalent value predicted by the LS3D model. On the other hand, the LS3D model, with the 4th order of accuracy of wave dispersion, simulates the LGW propagation stage more efficiently and with around 30% less runtime. Assessing the effects of the landslide initial submergence on the LGW characteristics shows that a semi-submerged, a submarine, and a subaerial landslides induce the largest wave crest, wave trough, and landslide runout distance, respectively. Combining different conceptual and mathematical models at the various stages of SALGWs initiation, propagation, transformations and runup can advance the current numerical practice, in this field, both from accuracy and computational efficiency point of views.

Rockfalls are very rapid and damaging slope instability processes that affect mountainous regions, coastal cliffs and slope cuts. This contribution focuses on fragmental rockfalls in which the moving particles, particularly the largest ones, propagate following independent paths with little interaction among them. The prediction of the occurrence and frequency of the rockfalls has benefited by the rapid development of the techniques for the detection and the remote acquisition of the rock mass surface features such as the 3D laser scanner and the digital photogrammetry. These techniques are also used to monitor the deformation experienced by the rock mass before failure. The quantitative analysis of the fragmental rockfalls is a useful approach to assess risk and for the design of both stabilization and protection measures. The analysis of rockfalls must consider not only the frequency and magnitude of the potential events but also the fragmentation of the detached rock mass. The latter is a crucial issue as it affects the number, size and the velocity of the individual rock blocks. Several case studies of the application of the remote acquisition techniques for determining the size and frequency of rockfall events and their fragmentation are presented. The extrapolation of the magnitude-frequency relationships is discussed as well as the role of the geological factors for constraining the size of the largest detachable mass from a cliff. Finally, the performance of a fractal fragmentation model for rockfalls is also discussed.

The International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) was founded in January 2002 during the UNESCO-Kyoto University Joint IGCP symposium “Landslide Risk Mitigation and Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage”. It proposed and adopted the Letter of Intent in 2005 during the 2nd UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction, Kobe, Japan, adopted the Tokyo Action Plan in 2006, and the ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025 in 2015. This paper describes the history of ICL from preparation to present in a table of the chronology of events since 1987-present including the organization of ICL until 2020 when the Fifth World Landslide Forum will be held in Kyoto, Japan.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 was agreed at the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan in March 2015 and endorsed by the UN General Assembly in June 2015. The goal of the Sendai Framework is to prevent new and reduce existing disaster risk. UNISDR coordinates and ensures synergies among the disaster reduction activities of the United Nations system and regional organizations and stakeholders The role of science and technology in providing the evidence and knowledge on risk features prominently in the Sendai Framework. Expanding the interface between science, technology and policy is therefore essential for effective disaster risk reduction. In January 2016, UNISDR hosted the Science and Technology Conference on the Implementation of the Sendai Framework. The main outcome of the conference was the launching of the Science and Technology Partnership and the endorsement of the science and technology roadmap that outlines expected outcomes, actions, and deliverables under each of the four priority actions of the Sendai Framework. Over the last twenty years, the majority of disasters have been caused by floods, storms, heatwaves and other weather-related events. Most of these disasters can cause landslides, which in turn cause hundreds of billions of dollars in damage and hundreds of thousands of deaths and injuries each year The International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) 2015–2025 and The Sendai Partnerships promotes global understanding and reduction of landslide disaster risk. They will contribute significantly to the implementation of the science and technology roadmap by providing practical solutions and tools, education and capacity building, and communication and public outreach to reduce landslides risks. UNISDR fully supports the work of the Sendai Partnerships and the community of practice on landslides risks

UNESCO operates at the interface between natural and social sciences, education, culture and communication, playing a vital role in constructing a global culture of resilient communities. UNESCO assists countries to build their capacities in managing disaster and climate risk and with their ability to cope with disasters. The Organization provides a forum for governments to work together and it provides essential scientific and practical advice in disaster risk reduction. UNESCO’s programmes in relation to the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) cut across all of its areas of competence (education, natural and social sciences, culture and communication). Working alone or in collaboration with both UN Agencies and other scientific entities, UNESCO has been a catalyst for international, inter-disciplinary cooperation in many aspects of disaster risk reduction and mitigation. Since the establishment of ICL in 2002, UNESCO has continuously supported ICL’s activities as a part of its contributions to ISDR, namely the Hyogo and now Sendai Frameworks for action.

The United Nations University (UNU) was established in 1973 in Tokyo, Japan, as the academic arm of the United Nations. In its role as a think tank for the UN system it engages in policy-relevant research to generate science-based knowledge and solutions to urgent global challenges across a variety of comprehensive themes. UNU’s research focuses on three broad thematic clusters: Peace and Governance, Global Development and Inclusion as well as Environment, Climate and Energy. In addition, research is complemented by important themes in science, technology and innovation. Research is carried out by a global network of institutes and programmes (see Fig. ), each with a specific thematic focus. This paper provides an overview of United Nations University, with particular attention to one of its institutes, namely the Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) in Bonn, Germany.

Recent international agreements such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement have all recognized the importance of developing and operationalising multi-hazard early warning systems that integrate the specificities of single-hazard early warning systems in a holistic, systematic and coordinated manner to promote synergies and maximize efficiency. While much progress has been made in recent years towards the advancement of knowledge and practice related to early warning systems worldwide, the lack of multi-disciplinary and transboundary cooperation among and across communities of scientists, decision-makers and practitioners continues to be a key challenge for the successful establishment and operation of these systems. To address this gap, major international and national organizations have collaborated to establish the International Network for Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems (IN-MHEWS), with the aim of facilitating knowledge sharing and capacity development for multi-hazard early warning systems around the globe. This paper presents an overview of advances and challenges in promoting a multi-hazard and systematic approach to early warning, as well as the aim, objectives and expected contributions of this newly established Network.

In 2015 four UN landmark agreements were developed: the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (hereafter referred to as the Sendai Framework); the agenda related to Financing for Development; the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. These can be regarded as the main guiding documents to galvanise action to address the new or emerging global challenges. The Science and Technology community are asked to support the implementation of the Sendai Framework, in order to ‘prevent new and reduce existing disaster risk’ by ‘enhancing the scientific and technical work on disaster risk reduction and its mobilization through the coordination of existing networks and scientific research institutions at all levels and all regions with the support of the UNISDR Scientific and Technical Advisory Group (STAG)’ (UNISDR in Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, , Paragraph 25g). Within the Sendai Framework agenda, the commitment of STAG and the Integrated Research on Disaster Risk Program (IRDR) is focusing the integration and collaboration between science, policy and practice. IRDR is a multi-disciplinary, all-hazards approach, supported by the International Council for Science (ICSU), the International Social Science Council (ISSC) and the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), to strengthen capacity at global, regional and local levels to address hazards and generate science-based decisions on actions to reduce their impact (IRDR in Integrated research on disaster risk strategic plan 2013–2017, ). Along the line of critical actions identified by STAG and IRDR, particular efforts are being undertaken by the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) to understand the configuration of landslide disaster risk and reduce its impacts. ICSU, via IRDR, as one of the voluntary signatories of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction–International Consortium on Landslides (ISDR-ICL) Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025 for Global Promotion of understanding and reducing landslide disaster risk, is committed to enhance such endeavours. In this paper, attention is drawn to identifying some of the main future challenges for the integration of science into local, national, regional and international policy development for Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction within the Sendai Framework.