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The idea of controlling optical, physical and chemical processes in matter using the coherence properties of light appeared in the sixties in the scientific community, since the early proposal of Manykin and Alfanasev [11.1] to control the absorption of an atomic medium by adjusting the phases of two or more incident beams. It relies on the principle that interferences between different quantum mechanical pathways connecting the same initial and final states of a given system control the electron transfer between these states.

It is now possible to generate optical pulses with a duration corresponding to only a few optical cycles of the electromagnetic radiation in a wide spectral range. The generation of such short pulses is usually performed in two ways.